Wrought iron contains less than 0.5% carbon, making it strong and ductile but less easily melted than pig iron. It has only a small percentage of carbon and was once widely used, though today it has been mostly replaced by mild steel. It was typically made using the puddling process, where the iron was heated to a semi-solid state rather than fully melted, then worked by hammering or pressing. Since this method doesn’t fully remove impurities, wrought iron contains noticeable amounts of slag. It also does not respond to heat treatment methods aimed at increasing hardness or strength.
Wrought Iron Mechanical properties
| Young’s modulus | 185 | – | 195 | GPa |
| Specific stiffness | 24.1 | – | 25.9 | MN.m/kg |
| Yield strength (elastic limit) | 210 | MPa | ||
| Tensile strength | 302 | – | 432 | MPa |
| Specific strength | 26.9 | – | 28.4 | kN.m/kg |
| Elongation | 34 | – | 36 | % strain |
| Compressive modulus | 185 | – | 195 | GPa |
| Compressive strength | 270 | – | 280 | MPa |
| Flexural modulus | 185 | – | 195 | GPa |
| Flexural strength (modulus of rupture) | 270 | – | 280 | MPa |
| Shear modulus | 75 | GPa | ||
| Bulk modulus | 158 | – | 175 | GPa |
| Poisson’s ratio | 0.28 | – | 0.3 | |
| Shape factor | 64 | |||
| Hardness – Vickers | 107 | – | 120 | HV |
| Elastic stored energy (springs) | 113 | – | 119 | kJ/m^3 |
| Fatigue strength at 10^7 cycles | 200 | – | 220 | MPa |
| Fatigue strength model (stress range) | 150 | – | 293 | MPa |
Typical Uses:
Wrought iron has typically been used in architectural and structural elements such as iron door furniture, bars embedded in masonry arches and domes, building frames, as well as decorative gates and railings.
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