Property | AISI 301 | AISI 302 | AISI 303 | AISI 304 | AISI 304L | AISI 310 | AISI 316 | AISI 316L |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chemical Composition | ||||||||
Chromium (Cr) | 16-18% | 17-19% | 17-19% | 18-20% | 18-20% | 24-26% | 16-18% | 16-18% |
Nickel (Ni) | 6-8% | 8-10% | 8-10% | 8-10.5% | 8-12% | 19-22% | 10-14% | 10-14% |
Molybdenum (Mo) | None | None | None | None | None | None | 2-3% | 2-3% |
Carbon (C) | ≤ 0.15% | ≤ 0.15% | ≤ 0.15% | ≤ 0.08% | ≤ 0.03% | ≤ 0.25% | ≤ 0.08% | ≤ 0.03% |
Manganese (Mn) | ≤ 2% | ≤ 2% | ≤ 2% | ≤ 2% | ≤ 2% | ≤ 2% | ≤ 2% | ≤ 2% |
Silicon (Si) | ≤ 1% | ≤ 1% | ≤ 1% | ≤ 1% | ≤ 1% | ≤ 1.5% | ≤ 1% | ≤ 1% |
Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.03% | ≤ 0.03% | 0.15-0.35% | ≤ 0.03% | ≤ 0.03% | ≤ 0.03% | ≤ 0.03% | ≤ 0.03% |
Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.045% | ≤ 0.045% | ≤ 0.20% | ≤ 0.045% | ≤ 0.045% | ≤ 0.045% | ≤ 0.045% | ≤ 0.045% |
Mechanical Properties | ||||||||
Tensile Strength | 930 MPa (cold-rolled) | 620 MPa | 515 MPa | 515 MPa | 485 MPa | 520 MPa | 515 MPa | 485 MPa |
Yield Strength | 370 MPa (cold-rolled) | 275 MPa | 205 MPa | 205 MPa | 170 MPa | 215 MPa | 205 MPa | 170 MPa |
Elongation | 40% | 40% | 35% | 40% | 40% | 40% | 40% | 40% |
Hardness (Brinell) | 270 HB (cold-rolled) | 201 HB | 190 HB | 201 HB | 183 HB | 217 HB | 201 HB | 183 HB |
Corrosion Resistance | Moderate, vulnerable to stress cracking | Good in mild atmospheres | Moderate due to sulfur | Excellent in most environments | Slightly lower than 304 (due to low C) | Excellent, especially at high temperatures | Superior due to molybdenum, good in marine environments | Superior, especially for chloride and marine applications |
Weldability | Good, but prone to sensitization | Excellent | Fair, sulfur affects weldability | Excellent | Excellent (low carbon avoids carbide precipitation) | Fair, requires heat treatment | Excellent, with resistance to sensitization | Excellent (low carbon avoids sensitization) |
Formability | Excellent (in cold-rolled form) | Excellent | Good, less formable than 304 | Excellent | Excellent | Fair, less formable than 304 | Good | Good |
Heat Resistance | Moderate, up to 870°C | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate, up to 870°C | Moderate | Excellent, up to 1100°C | Good, up to 870°C | Good, up to 870°C |
Magnetism | Slightly magnetic (after cold working) | Non-magnetic in annealed condition | Slightly magnetic after machining | Non-magnetic in annealed condition | Non-magnetic | Non-magnetic | Non-magnetic | Non-magnetic |
Typical Applications | Springs, automotive components | Food processing equipment | Machined parts, fasteners, valves | Kitchen equipment, appliances, construction | Chemical containers, low-temp equipment | Furnace parts, heat exchangers, turbines | Marine environments, chemical processing | Marine applications, medical devices |
Cost (Price) | $$ | $$ | $$$ | $$ | $$ | $$$$ | $$$$ | $$$$ |
Explanation of Costs:
- $ = Lower cost (more economical)
- $$ = Medium cost
- $$$ = Higher cost
- $$$$ = Significantly higher cost
Cost Insights:
- AISI 301 and 302: These are relatively affordable options, priced similarly to AISI 304 but with some trade-offs in terms of corrosion resistance and formability. Suitable for non-critical applications where cost savings are important.
- AISI 303: Higher in price due to the addition of sulfur for enhanced machinability, making it more expensive than AISI 304 but ideal for high-volume machining jobs.
- AISI 304 and 304L: These are the most commonly used stainless steels, making them mid-priced. AISI 304L offers similar performance with better weldability, so their prices are close.
- AISI 310: One of the most expensive stainless steel grades due to its high chromium and nickel content, providing superior heat and oxidation resistance. It’s often used in high-temperature applications, which justify its higher cost.
- AISI 316 and 316L: These grades are priced higher than AISI 304 due to their molybdenum content, which enhances corrosion resistance, especially in marine and chloride environments. AISI 316L, with lower carbon content, is slightly more expensive than 316, particularly in applications requiring enhanced weldability and resistance to sensitization.
Conclusion:
- 301, 302, and 304(L) are the more economical choices for general-purpose applications.
- 303 is more expensive due to machinability enhancements.
- 310 and 316(L) are higher-priced options due to their specialized corrosion and heat-resistant properties, making them suitable for harsh environments.
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