EN 10293 Standard Guide

Steel castings — Steel castings for general engineering uses

GRADE CATEGORIES

GE/GS Grades	General engineering carbon steel castings – GE200, GS200, GE240, GS240, GE270, GE300, GE320, GE360
Manganese Grades	G17Mn5, G20Mn5, G24Mn6, G28Mn6
Molybdenum Grades	G20Mo5, G10MnMoV6-3
Chromium-Molydenum Grades	G15CrMoV6-9, G17CrMo5-5, G17CrMo9-10, G26CrMo4, G34CrMo4, G42CrMo4, G30CrMoV6-4
Nickel Grades	G35CrNiMo6-6, G9Ni14, GX9Ni5, G20NiMoCr4, G32NiCrMo8-5-4, G17NiCrMo13-6, G30NiCrMo14
Stainless Grades	GX3CrNi13-4, GX4CrNi13-4, GX4CrNi16-4, GX4CrNiMo16-5-1, GX23CrMoV12-1

HEAT TREATMENT CONDITIONS

+N	Normalized (cooling in air)
+NT	Normalized + Tempered
+QT	Quenched (air or liquid) + Tempered (standard condition)
+QT1	Quenched + Tempered (first strength level – usually higher toughness)
+QT2	Quenched + Tempered (second strength level – usually higher strength)
+QT3	Quenched + Tempered (third strength level – for G24Mn6 only)

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION – Cast Analysis (% by mass)

GE/GS CARBON STEEL CASTINGS

Steel Name

Number

C min

C max

Si max

Mn min

Mn max

P max

S max

Cr min

Cr max

Mo min

Mo max

Ni min

Ni max

V min

V max

W max

GE200

1.0420

–

–

–

–

–

0.035

0.030

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

GS200

1.0449

–

0.18

0.60

–

1.20

0.030

0.025

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

GE240

1.0446

–

–

–

–

–

0.035

0.030

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

GS240

1.0455

–

0.23

0.60

–

1.20

0.030

0.025

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

GE270

1.0454

–

–

–

–

–

0.035

0.030

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

GE300

1.0558

–

–

–

–

–

0.035

0.030

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

GE320

1.0591

–

–

–

–

–

0.035

0.030

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

GE360

1.0597

–

–

–

–

–

0.035

0.030

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

MANGANESE STEEL CASTINGS

Steel Name

Number

C min

C max

Si max

Mn min

Mn max

P max

S max

Cr min

Cr max

Mo min

Mo max

Ni min

Ni max

V min

V max

W max

G17Mn5

1.1131

0.15

0.20

0.60

1.00

1.60

0.020ᵃ

0.020ᵇ

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

G20Mn5

1.6220

0.17

0.23

0.60

1.00

1.60

0.020ᵃ

0.020ᵇ

–

–

–

–

–

0.80

–

–

–

G24Mn6

1.1118

0.20

0.25

0.60

1.50

1.80

0.020ᵃ

0.015

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

G28Mn6

1.1165

0.25

0.32

0.60

1.20

1.80

0.035

0.030

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

ᵃ P ≤ 0.025% is permitted if agreed between purchaser and manufacturer
ᵇ For castings of ruling thickness < 28mm, S ≤ 0.030% is permitted

MOLYBDENUM STEEL CASTINGS

Steel Name

Number

C min

C max

Si max

Mn min

Mn max

P max

S max

Cr min

Cr max

Mo min

Mo max

Ni min

Ni max

V min

V max

W max

G20Mo5

1.5419

0.15

0.23

0.60

0.50

1.00

0.025

0.020ᵇ

–

–

0.40

0.60

–

–

–

–

–

G10MnMoV6-3

1.5410

–

0.12

0.60

1.20

1.80

0.025

0.020

–

–

0.20

0.40

–

–

0.05

0.10

–

ᵃ P ≤ 0.025% is permitted if agreed between purchaser and manufacturer
ᵇ For castings of ruling thickness < 28mm, S ≤ 0.030% is permitted

CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM CASTINGS

Steel Name	Number	C min	C max	Si max	Mn min	Mn max	P max	S max	Cr min	Cr max	Mo min	Mo max	Ni min	Ni max	V min	V max	W max
G15CrMoV6-9	1.7710	0.12	0.18	0.60	0.60	1.00	0.025	0.020ᵇ	1.30	1.80	0.80	1.00	–	–	0.15	0.25	–
G17CrMo5-5	1.7357	0.15	0.20	0.60	0.50	1.00	0.025	0.020ᵇ	1.00	1.50	0.45	0.65	–	–	–	–	–
G17CrMo9-10	1.7379	0.13	0.20	0.60	0.50	0.90	0.025	0.020ᵇ	2.00	2.50	0.90	1.20	–	–	–	–	–
G26CrMo4	1.7221	0.22	0.29	0.60	0.50	0.80	0.025	0.020ᵇ	0.80	1.20	0.15	0.30	–	–	–	–	–
G34CrMo4	1.7230	0.30	0.37	0.60	0.50	0.80	0.025	0.020ᵇ	0.80	1.20	0.15	0.30	–	–	–	–	–
G42CrMo4	1.7231	0.38	0.45	0.60	0.60	1.00	0.025	0.020ᵇ	0.80	1.20	0.15	0.30	–	–	–	–	–
G30CrMoV6-4	1.7725	0.27	0.34	0.60	0.60	1.00	0.025	0.020ᵇ	1.30	1.70	0.30	0.50	–	–	0.05	0.15	–

ᵃ P ≤ 0.025% is permitted if agreed between purchaser and manufacturer
ᵇ For castings of ruling thickness < 28mm, S ≤ 0.030% is permitted

NICKEL STEEL CASTINGS

Steel Name	Number	C min	C max	Si max	Mn min	Mn max	P max	S max	Cr min	Cr max	Mo min	Mo max	Ni min	Ni max	V min	V max	W max
G35CrNiMo6-6	1.6579	0.32	0.38	0.60	0.60	1.00	0.025	0.020ᵇ	1.40	1.70	0.15	0.35	1.40	1.70	–	–	–
G9Ni14	1.5638	0.06	0.12	0.60	0.50	0.80	0.020	0.015	–	–	–	–	3.00	4.00	–	–	–
GX9Ni5	1.5681	0.06	0.12	0.60	0.50	0.80	0.020	0.020	–	–	–	–	4.50	5.50	–	–	–
G20NiMoCr4	1.6750	0.17	0.23	0.60	0.80	1.20	0.025	0.015ᵇ	0.30	0.50	0.40	0.80	0.80	1.20	–	–	–
G32NiCrMo8-5-4	1.6570	0.28	0.35	0.60	0.60	1.00	0.020	0.015	1.00	1.40	0.30	0.50	1.60	2.10	–	–	–
G17NiCrMo13-6	1.6781	0.15	0.19	0.50	0.55	0.80	0.015	0.015	1.30	1.80	0.45	0.60	3.00	3.50	–	–	–
G30NiCrMo14	1.6771	0.27	0.33	0.60	0.60	1.00	0.030	0.020	0.80	1.20	0.30	0.60	3.00	4.00	–	–	–

ᵃ P ≤ 0.025% is permitted if agreed between purchaser and manufacturer
ᵇ For castings of ruling thickness < 28mm, S ≤ 0.030% is permitted

STAINLESS STEEL CASTINGS

Steel Name	Number	C min	C max	Si max	Mn min	Mn max	P max	S max	Cr min	Cr max	Mo min	Mo max	Ni min	Ni max	V min	V max	W max
GX3CrNi13-4	1.6982	–	0.05	1.00	–	1.00	0.035	0.015	12.00	13.50	–	0.70	3.50	5.00	–	–	–
GX4CrNi13-4	1.4317	–	0.06	1.00	–	1.00	0.035	0.025	12.00	13.50	–	0.70	3.50	5.00	–	–	–
GX4CrNi16-4	1.4421	–	0.06	0.80	–	1.00	0.035	0.020	15.50	17.50	–	0.70	4.00	5.50	–	–	–
GX4CrNiMo16-5-1	1.4405	–	0.06	0.80	–	1.00	0.035	0.025	15.00	17.00	0.70	1.50	4.00	6.00	–	–	–
GX23CrMoV12-1	1.4931	0.20	0.26	0.40	0.50	0.80	0.030	0.020	11.30	12.20	1.00	1.20	–	1.00	0.25	0.35	0.50

ᵃ P ≤ 0.025% is permitted if agreed between purchaser and manufacturer
ᵇ For castings of ruling thickness < 28mm, S ≤ 0.030% is permitted

MAXIMUM CONTENTS OF UNSPECIFIED ELEMENTS

Steel Type	Cr max	Mo max	Ni max	V max	Cu max	Cr+Mo+Ni+V+Cu
Non-alloy steels	0.30	0.12	0.40	0.03	0.30	1.00
Alloy steels	0.30	0.15	0.40	0.05ᵃ	0.30	–

ᵃ 0.08% V for steels with Cr ≥ 10% by mass

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES – All Heat Treatment Conditions

GE/GS GRADES

Steel Name	Number	Heat Treat	Normalize/Aust.	Tempering	Thickness	Rp0.2 min	Rm	A% min	KV min J	Test Temp
GE200	1.0420	+N	900-980	–	t≤300	200	380-530	25	27	RT
GS200	1.0449	+N	900-980	–	t≤100	200	380-530	25	35	RT
GE240	1.0446	+N	900-980	–	t≤300	240	450-600	22	27	RT
GS240	1.0455	+N	880-980	–	t≤100	240	450-600	22	31	RT
GE270	1.0454	+NT	880-960	560-620	t<300	270	480	22	29	RT
GE300	1.0558	+N	880-960	–	t≤30	300	600-750	15	27	RT
GE300	1.0558	+N	880-960	–	30<t≤100	300	520-670	18	31	RT
GE320	1.0591	+NT	880-960	560-620	t<300	320	540	17	25	RT
GE360	1.0597	+NT	880-960	560-620	t<300	360	590	16	20	RT

MANGANESE GRADES

Steel Name	Number	Heat Treat	Normalize/Aust.	Tempering	Thickness	Rp0.2 min	Rm	A% min	KV min J	Test Temp
G17Mn5	1.1131	+QT	920-980	600-700	t≤50	240	450-600	24	27 / 70	-40 / RT
G20Mn5	1.6220	+N	900-980	–	t≤30	300	480-620	20	27 / 50	-30 / RT
G20Mn5	1.6220	+QT	900-980	610-660	t≤100	300	500-650	22	27 / 60	-40 / RT
G24Mn6	1.1118	+QT1	880-950	520-570	t≤50	550	700-800	12	27	-20
G24Mn6	1.1118	+QT2	880-950	600-650	t≤100	500	650-800	15	27	-30
G24Mn6	1.1118	+QT3	880-950	650-680	t≤150	400	600-800	18	27	-30
G28Mn6	1.1165	+N	880-950	–	t≤250	260	520-670	18	27	RT
G28Mn6	1.1165	+QT1	880-950	630-680	t≤100	450	600-750	14	35	RT
G28Mn6	1.1165	+QT2	880-950	580-630	t≤50	550	700-850	10	31	RT

MOLYBDENUM GRADES

Steel Name	Number	Heat Treat	Normalize/Aust.	Tempering	Thickness	Rp0.2 min	Rm	A% min	KV min J	Test Temp
G20Mo5	1.5419	+QT	920-980	650-730	t≤100	245	440-590	22	27	RT
G10MnMoV6-3	1.5410	+QT1	950-980	640-660	t≤50	380	500-650	22	27 / 60	-20 / RT
G10MnMoV6-3	1.5410	+QT1	950-980	640-660	50<t≤100	350	480-630	22	60	RT
G10MnMoV6-3	1.5410	+QT1	950-980	640-660	100<t≤150	330	480-630	20	60	RT
G10MnMoV6-3	1.5410	+QT1	950-980	640-660	150<t≤250	330	450-600	18	60	RT
G10MnMoV6-3	1.5410	+QT2	950-980	640-660	t≤50	500	600-750	18	27 / 60	-20 / RT
G10MnMoV6-3	1.5410	+QT2	950-980	640-660	50<t≤100	400	550-700	18	60	RT
G10MnMoV6-3	1.5410	+QT2	950-980	640-660	100<t≤150	380	500-650	18	60	RT
G10MnMoV6-3	1.5410	+QT2	950-980	640-660	150<t≤250	350	460-610	18	60	RT
G10MnMoV6-3	1.5410	+QT3	950-980	740-760 + 600-650	t≤100	400	520-650	22	27 / 60	-20 / RT

CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM GRADES

Steel Name	Number	Heat Treat	Normalize/Aust.	Tempering	Thickness	Rp0.2 min	Rm	A% min	KV min J	Test Temp
G15CrMoV6-9	1.7710	+QT1	950-980	650-670	t≤50	700	850-1000	10	27	RT
G15CrMoV6-9	1.7710	+QT2	950-980	610-640	t≤50	930	980-1150	6	27	RT
G17CrMo5-5	1.7357	+QT	920-960	680-730	t≤100	315	490-690	20	27	RT
G17CrMo9-10	1.7379	+QT	930-970	680-740	t≤150	400	590-740	18	40	RT
G26CrMo4	1.7221	+QT1	880-950	600-650	t≤100	450	600-750	16	40	RT
G26CrMo4	1.7221	+QT1	880-950	600-650	100<t≤250	300	550-700	14	27	RT
G26CrMo4	1.7221	+QT2	880-950	550-600	t≤100	550	700-850	10	18	RT
G34CrMo4	1.7230	+QT1	880-950	600-650	t≤100	540	700-850	12	35	RT
G34CrMo4	1.7230	+QT1	880-950	600-650	100<t≤150	480	620-770	10	27	RT
G34CrMo4	1.7230	+QT1	880-950	600-650	150<t≤250	330	620-770	10	16	RT
G34CrMo4	1.7230	+QT2	880-950	550-600	t≤100	650	830-980	10	27	RT
G42CrMo4	1.7231	+QT1	880-950	600-650	t≤100	600	800-950	12	31	RT
G42CrMo4	1.7231	+QT1	880-950	600-650	100<t≤150	550	700-850	10	27	RT
G42CrMo4	1.7231	+QT1	880-950	600-650	150<t≤250	350	650-800	10	16	RT
G42CrMo4	1.7231	+QT2	880-950	550-600	t≤100	700	850-1000	10	27	RT
G30CrMoV6-4	1.7725	+QT1	880-950	600-650	t≤100	700	850-1000	14	45	RT
G30CrMoV6-4	1.7725	+QT1	880-950	600-650	100<t≤150	550	750-900	12	27	RT
G30CrMoV6-4	1.7725	+QT1	880-950	600-650	150<t≤250	350	650-800	12	20	RT
G30CrMoV6-4	1.7725	+QT2	880-950	530-600	t≤100	750	900-1100	12	31	RT

NICKEL GRADES

Steel Name	Number	Heat Treat	Normalize/Aust.	Tempering	Thickness	Rp0.2 min	Rm	A% min	KV min J	Test Temp
G35CrNiMo6-6	1.6579	+N	860-920	–	t≤150	550	800-950	12	31	RT
G35CrNiMo6-6	1.6579	+N	860-920	–	150<t≤250	500	750-900	12	31	RT
G35CrNiMo6-6	1.6579	+QT1	860-920	600-650	t≤100	700	850-1000	12	45	RT
G35CrNiMo6-6	1.6579	+QT1	860-920	600-650	100<t≤150	650	800-950	12	35	RT
G35CrNiMo6-6	1.6579	+QT1	860-920	600-650	150<t≤250	650	800-950	12	30	RT
G35CrNiMo6-6	1.6579	+QT2	860-920	510-560	t≤100	800	900-1050	10	35	RT
G9Ni14	1.5638	+QT	820-900	590-640	t≤35	360	500-650	20	27	-90
GX9Ni5	1.5681	+QT	800-850	570-620	t≤30	380	550-700	18	27	-100
G20NiMoCr4	1.6750	+QT	880-930	650-700	t≤150	410	570-720	16	27 / 40	-45 / RT
G32NiCrMo8-5-4	1.6570	+QT1	880-920	600-650	t≤100	700	850-1000	16	50	RT
G32NiCrMo8-5-4	1.6570	+QT1	880-920	600-650	100<t≤250	650	820-970	14	35	RT
G32NiCrMo8-5-4	1.6570	+QT2	880-920	500-550	t≤100	950	1050-1200	10	35	RT
G17NiCrMo13-6	1.6781	+QT	890-930	600-640	t≤200	600	750-900	15	27	-80
G30NiCrMo14	1.6771	+QT1	820-880	600-680	t≤100	700	900-1050	9	30	RT
G30NiCrMo14	1.6771	+QT1	820-880	600-680	100<t≤150	650	850-1000	7	30	RT
G30NiCrMo14	1.6771	+QT1	820-880	600-680	150<t≤250	600	800-950	7	25	RT
G30NiCrMo14	1.6771	+QT2	820-880	550-600	t≤50	1000	1100-1250	7	20	RT
G30NiCrMo14	1.6771	+QT2	820-880	550-600	50<t≤100	1000	1100-1250	7	15	RT

STAINLESS GRADES

Steel Name	Number	Heat Treat	Normalize/Aust.	Tempering	Thickness	Rp0.2 min	Rm	A% min	KV min J	Test Temp
GX3CrNi13-4	1.6982	+QT	1000-1050	670-690 + 590-620	t≤300	500	700-900	15	27	-120
GX4CrNi13-4	1.4317	+QT	1000-1050	590-620	t≤300	550	760-960	15	50	RT
GX4CrNi16-4	1.4421	+QT1	1020-1070	580-630	t≤300	540	780-980	15	60	RT
GX4CrNi16-4	1.4421	+QT2	1020-1070	450-500	t≤300	830	1000-1200	10	27	RT
GX4CrNiMo16-5-1	1.4405	+QT	1020-1070	580-630	t≤300	540	760-960	15	60	RT
GX23CrMoV12-1	1.4931	+QT	1030-1080	700-750	t≤150	540	740-880	15	27	RT

NOTES:

+N = Normalized (air cool) | +NT = Normalized + Tempered | +QT/+QT1/+QT2/+QT3 = Quenched + Tempered

RT = Room Temperature | When two KV or Temp values shown: either can be specified (e.g., “27 / 60” = 27J or 60J)

Rp0.2 = 0.2% Proof Strength (Yield) | Rm = Tensile Strength | A = Elongation | KV = Charpy V-notch Impact

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES (Optional by Agreement)

Steel Name	Number	At 2.5 kA/m	At 5.0 kA/m	At 10.0 kA/m
GE200	1.0420	1.45	1.60	1.75
GE240	1.0446	1.40	1.55	1.70
GE270	1.0454	1.35	1.50	1.65
GE300	1.0558	1.30	1.50	1.65
GE320	1.0591	1.20	1.45	1.65
GE360	1.0597	1.00	1.40	1.60

NOTE: These values are optional and must be agreed at enquiry/order.
Measuring procedure must be agreed between purchaser and manufacturer.

WELDING GUIDANCE DATA

Steel Name	Number	Preheat Temp °C	Interpass Max °C	PWHT °C	Welding Group
GE200	1.0420	20-150	350	none	B1
GS200	1.0449	20-150	350	none	B1
GE240	1.0446	20-150	350	none	B1
GS240	1.0455	20-150	350	none	B1
GE270	1.0454	150-300	350	See noteᵇ	B1
GE300	1.0558	150-300	350	See noteᵇ	B1
GE320	1.0591	150-300	350	See noteᵇ	B1
GE360	1.0597	150-300	350	See noteᵇ	B2
G17Mn5	1.1131	20-150	350	none	C1
G20Mn5	1.6220	20-150	350	none	C1 (B1 for +N)
G24Mn6	1.1118	20-150	350	See noteᵇ	C2 (C1 for +QT3)
G28Mn6	1.1165	20-150	350	See noteᵇ	C1 for +QT1 / C2 for +QT2 / B1 for +N
G20Mo5	1.5419	20-200	350	≥650ᵇ	C1
G10MnMoV6-3	1.5410	20-150	350	none or noteᵇ	C1 / C2 for +QT2 and t≤50mm
G15CrMoV6-9	1.7710	200-300	350	See noteᵇ	C3
G17CrMo5-5	1.7357	150-250	350	≥650ᵇ	C1
G17CrMo9-10	1.7379	150-250	350	≥680ᵇ	C1
G26CrMo4	1.7221	150-300	350	See noteᵇ	C1 (C2 for +QT2)
G34CrMo4	1.7230	200-350	400	See noteᵇ	C2 for +QT1 t≤100mm and +QT2 / C1 for +QT1 t>100mm
G42CrMo4	1.7231	200-350	400	See noteᵇ	C2 (C1 for +QT1 and t>150mm)
G30CrMoV6-4	1.7725	200-350	400	See noteᵇ	C2 (C1 for +QT1 and t>150mm)
G35CrNiMo6-6	1.6579	200-350	400	See noteᵇ	C2 (C3 for +QT1 t≤100mm and +QT2) / B2 for +N
G9Ni14	1.5638	20-200	300	≥560	C1
GX9Ni5	1.5681	20-200	350	See noteᵇ	C1
G20NiMoCr4	1.6750	150-300	350	See noteᵇ	C1
G32NiCrMo8-5-4	1.6570	200-350	400	≥560	C3 / C2 for +QT1 and t>100mm
G17NiCrMo13-6	1.6781	20-200	350	≥560	C2
G30NiCrMo14	1.6771	300-350	350	See noteᵇ	C3 / C2 for +QT1 and t>100mm
GX3CrNi13-4	1.6982	20-200	See noteᶜ	See noteᶜ	E1
GX4CrNi13-4	1.4317	100-200	300	See noteᵈ	E1
GX4CrNi16-4	1.4421	no preheat	200	See noteᵈ	E1
GX4CrNiMo16-5-1	1.4405	no preheat	200	See noteᵈ	E1
GX23CrMoV12-1	1.4931	20-450	450	≥680ᵉ	E1

NOTES:
ᵃ Preheat temperature related to geometry, thickness, and climate conditions
ᵇ PWHT at least 20°C but not more than 50°C below tempering temp (e.g., for 650°C temper use 600-630°C PWHT)
ᶜ At discretion of manufacturer unless otherwise agreed
ᵈ Same as the tempering temperature used
ᵉ After cooling to 80-130°C
Welding groups per EN ISO 11970 | PWHT = Post-Weld Heat Treatment

Grouping system for cast steel grades

Group	Type of cast steel
A	Carbon steels (Si 0,80 % max, Mn 1,70 % max)
A1	C ≤ 0,25 %; yield stress Rp0,2 ≤ 275 MPa
A2	C ≤ 0,25 %; yield stress 275 MPa < Rp0,2 ≤ 360 MPa
A3	Yield stress Rp0,2 > 360 MPa
B	Low alloy steels (annealed, normalized, or normalized and tempered)
B1	Yield stress Rp0,2 ≤ 360 MPa
B2	Yield stress Rp0,2 > 360 MPa
C	Low alloy steels (quenched and tempered)
C1	Yield stress Rp0,2 ≤ 500 MPa
C2	Yield stress 500 MPa < Rp0,2 ≤ 700 MPa
C3	Yield stress Rp0,2 > 700 MPa
D	Ferritic stainless steels
D1	Ferritic stainless steels
E	Martensitic stainless steels
E1	Martensitic stainless steels
F	Austenitic stainless steels
F1	Austenitic with ferrite ≤ 35 %
F2	Fully austenitic
G	Duplex stainless steels
G1	Duplex stainless steels with ferrite > 35 %
H	Austenitic heat resisting steels
H1	Austenitic heat resisting steels
I	Precipitation hardened stainless steels
I1	Precipitation hardened stainless steels
J	Nickel-base alloys
J1	Nickel-base alloys
K	Austenitic manganese steels
K1	Austenitic manganese steels

KEY FACTORS DETERMINING WELDING GROUP
Carbon Content	Higher carbon → higher group (increased hardening, cracking risk)
Alloy Content	More alloying elements → higher group (increased hardenability, complexity)
Carbon Equivalent (CE)	CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr+Mo+V)/5 + (Ni+Cu)/15. Higher CE → more difficult welding
Heat Treatment Condition	Higher strength conditions (+QT2 vs +QT1 vs +N) → may increase welding group
Section Thickness	Thicker sections → greater restraint → higher risk → may upgrade welding requirements
Service Conditions	Critical applications may require more stringent welding procedures

PRACTICAL WELDING GUIDANCE BY GROUP
Group B1-B2 (Easy-Moderate)	Can often be welded with standard procedures. Minimal special precautions. Good for field repairs. Basic welder qualification acceptable.
Group C1 (Moderate-Difficult)	Requires procedure specification. Preheat and PWHT planning essential. Qualified welders needed. Suitable for shop welding with proper equipment.
Group C2-C3 (Difficult-Very Difficult)	Comprehensive WPS (Welding Procedure Specification) mandatory. Strict temperature monitoring. PWHT facilities required. Highly qualified welders. Not suitable for field welding without extensive preparation.
Group E1 (Specialized)	Specialist welding knowledge required. Specific filler metals. Careful heat input control. May need controlled atmosphere. Post-weld tempering at specific temperatures. Metallurgical expertise recommended.

GENERAL RULES
Preheat Purpose	Slows cooling rate, reduces hydrogen cracking risk, reduces residual stresses, improves ductility in HAZ
Interpass Temperature	Prevents overheating and grain growth. Maintains proper microstructure. Critical for high alloy steels.
PWHT Purpose	Stress relief, tempering of hard structures, restores ductility, improves toughness, dimensional stability
When in Doubt	Use higher group requirements. Better safe than sorry. Consult welding engineer. Perform trial welds with testing.

SELECTION GUIDE – By Strength, Application, Temperature

BY STRENGTH LEVEL (Rp0.2 MPa)
Low Strength (200-300 MPa)	GE200, GS200, GE240, GS240, GE270, GE300, GE320, G17Mn5, G20Mn5, G20Mo5, G17CrMo5-5
Medium (300-500 MPa)	GE360, G28Mn6, G10MnMoV6-3, G17CrMo9-10, G26CrMo4, G9Ni14, GX9Ni5, G20NiMoCr4, GX3CrNi13-4
High (500-700 MPa)	G24Mn6, G34CrMo4, G42CrMo4, G15CrMoV6-9, G30CrMoV6-4, G35CrNiMo6-6, G32NiCrMo8-5-4, G17NiCrMo13-6, GX4CrNi13-4, GX4CrNi16-4, GX4CrNiMo16-5-1, GX23CrMoV12-1
Very High (700+ MPa)	G30CrMoV6-4, G30NiCrMo14 (up to 1000+ MPa in +QT2 condition)

BY APPLICATION
General Engineering	GE200, GS200, GE240, GS240 – basic carbon castings for machinery, agricultural equipment
Higher Strength General	GE270, GE300, GE320, GE360 – NEW grades (2015) for improved strength requirements
Automotive Components	G20Mn5, G24Mn6, G28Mn6, G26CrMo4, G34CrMo4 – crankshafts, axles, gears, transmission parts
Heavy Machinery	G42CrMo4, G30CrMoV6-4, G35CrNiMo6-6 – mining, construction, earthmoving equipment
Railroad / Rolling Stock	G17Mn5, G20Mn5, G28Mn6 – wheels, axles, couplers, structural parts
Pressure Vessels	G20Mo5, G17CrMo5-5, G17CrMo9-10 – valves, flanges, pressure-retaining parts
High Strength / Tough	G32NiCrMo8-5-4, G30NiCrMo14 – critical high-load applications
Magnetic Applications	GE200, GE240, GE270, GE300, GE320, GE360 (with verified magnetic induction per Table 4)
Corrosion Resistant	GX3CrNi13-4, GX4CrNi13-4, GX4CrNi16-4, GX4CrNiMo16-5-1 – martensitic stainless castings
Elevated Temperature	G15CrMoV6-9 (short-time use to 550°C), GX23CrMoV12-1 – boilers, steam systems

BY TEMPERATURE SERVICE
Ambient Temperature	All GE/GS grades, most carbon and low-alloy grades
Sub-Zero (to -40°C)	G17Mn5, G20Mn5, G24Mn6, G20NiMoCr4 – good low-temp toughness
Sub-Zero (to -80°C)	G17NiCrMo13-6 – cryogenic service
Sub-Zero (to -90°C)	G9Ni14 – improved low-temperature toughness
Sub-Zero (to -100°C)	GX9Ni5 – excellent cryogenic properties
Sub-Zero (to -120°C)	GX3CrNi13-4 – extreme low temperature service
Elevated (250-550°C)	G15CrMoV6-9, G17CrMo5-5, G17CrMo9-10, GX23CrMoV12-1 – elevated temp strength retention

BY WELDABILITY
Easy to Weld (Group B1)	GE200-360, GS200-240, G17Mn5, G20Mn5 (minimal preheat, no PWHT)
Moderate (Group C1)	G24Mn6, G28Mn6, G20Mo5, G10MnMoV6-3, G17CrMo series, G26CrMo4 (moderate preheat, PWHT may be needed)
More Difficult (Group C2-C3)	Higher alloy CrMo and CrNiMo grades (significant preheat, PWHT required)
Stainless (Group E1)	GX series stainless grades (special welding procedures, controlled heat input)

HEAT TREATMENT SELECTION
+N (Normalized)	Lower cost, good for thinner sections, moderate properties
+NT (Normalized + Tempered)	Improved toughness over +N, for GE270, GE320, GE360
+QT (Quenched + Tempered)	Standard high-strength condition, best strength-toughness balance
+QT1 / +QT2 / +QT3	Multiple strength levels available – select based on application needs
Higher number suffix	Generally indicates higher strength but may have lower toughness

KEY ALLOYING ELEMENT EFFECTS
Manganese (Mn)	Increases strength, improves hardenability, good low-temp toughness (G17Mn5, G20Mn5, G24Mn6, G28Mn6)
Molybdenum (Mo)	Improves high-temp strength, creep resistance, hardenability (G20Mo5, all CrMo grades)
Chromium (Cr)	Increases hardenability, wear resistance, some corrosion resistance (all CrMo grades)
Nickel (Ni)	Excellent low-temp toughness, improves strength-ductility (all Ni-containing grades)
Vanadium (V)	Grain refinement, high-temp strength (G15CrMoV6-9, G30CrMoV6-4, GX23CrMoV12-1)

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS BY GRADE
GE/GS Grades	Machine frames, housings, brackets, supports, covers, general structural castings
G17Mn5, G20Mn5	Railway wheels, brake components, couplers, medium-strength structural parts
G24Mn6, G28Mn6	Gears, shafts, pins, high-strength structural components
G20Mo5	Pressure vessel components, valves, flanges for moderate temperatures
G17CrMo series	Pressure vessels, petrochemical equipment, power plant components
G26/34/42CrMo4	Crankshafts, connecting rods, gears, high-strength shafts and axles
G30CrMoV6-4	Turbine components, high-stress high-temp applications
G35CrNiMo6-6	Heavy machinery parts, large gears, critical high-load components
Nickel Grades	Cryogenic vessels, LNG equipment, sub-zero service components
Stainless GX Grades	Pump and valve bodies, marine components, corrosive environments

HOW TO ORDER – Complete Ordering Instructions

INFORMATION TO SUPPLY TO MANUFACTURER
1. Quantity	Number of castings to be delivered
2. Drawing or Description	Drawing number, sketch, or detailed description of casting shape and dimensions
3. Standard Designation	EN 10293:2015 or BS EN 10293:2015
4. Steel Grade	Steel name (e.g., G26CrMo4) OR steel number (e.g., 1.7221) – use grade designations from this workbook
5. Heat Treatment Condition	Specify +N, +NT, +QT, +QT1, +QT2, or +QT3 as applicable (see Mechanical Properties sheet)
6. Ruling Thickness	Maximum wall thickness for mechanical property verification (if > max in Table 3, properties must be agreed)
7. Inspection Document Type	EN 10204 type: 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, or 3.2 (3.1 is typical for critical applications)
8. Additional Requirements	Any special requirements (NDT, magnetic properties, special tests, surface finish, etc.)

OPTIONAL INFORMATION (If Required)
Non-Destructive Testing	Specify type (radiographic, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, penetrant) and acceptance criteria
Magnetic Properties	For GE grades only: specify required magnetic induction values per Table 4
Hardness Testing	If hardness limits required beyond standard mechanical property verification
Surface Condition	Fettling and finishing requirements, surface roughness, appearance
Mass/Weight Limits	If casting mass restrictions apply
Product Analysis	If verification of chemical composition on actual casting required (vs. cast analysis)
Welding by Founder	If castings will be welded together by the foundry – specify welding requirements

HEAT TREATMENT DESIGNATION RULES
Must Specify Heat Treatment	For grades with multiple heat treatments (e.g., G26CrMo4), MUST specify +QT1 or +QT2
Single Treatment Grades	For grades with only one treatment shown (e.g., GE200+N), the symbol is included in grade designation
Example Correct Orders	G26CrMo4+QT1, G35CrNiMo6-6+N, G24Mn6+QT2, GX4CrNi16-4+QT1
Example Incorrect Orders	“G26CrMo4” without +QT1 or +QT2 (ambiguous!), “G35CrNiMo6-6” without heat treatment symbol

ORDERING EXAMPLES
Example 1: Basic Carbon Casting
	Quantity: 50 castings
	Drawing: ABC-123 Rev B
	Standard: EN 10293:2015
	Grade: GE240+N (or 1.0446+N)
	Ruling thickness: 80mm
	Inspection: EN 10204 Type 3.1
Example 2: Alloy Casting with Heat Treatment
	Quantity: 25 castings
	Drawing: XYZ-456 Rev A
	Standard: BS EN 10293:2015
	Grade: G26CrMo4+QT1 (or 1.7221+QT1)
	Ruling thickness: 75mm
	Inspection: EN 10204 Type 3.2
	Additional: Ultrasonic testing per EN 12680-1, acceptance level 2
Example 3: High Strength with Magnetic Properties
	Quantity: 100 castings
	Description: Rotor housing, max wall 50mm
	Standard: EN 10293:2015
	Grade: GE320+NT (or 1.0591+NT)
	Ruling thickness: 50mm
	Magnetic induction: Min 1.45 T at 5.0 kA/m (per Table 4)
	Inspection: EN 10204 Type 3.1
Example 4: Cryogenic Service
	Quantity: 10 castings
	Drawing: CRY-789
	Standard: EN 10293:2015
	Grade: GX9Ni5+QT (or 1.5681+QT)
	Service temperature: -100°C
	Ruling thickness: 25mm
	Inspection: EN 10204 Type 3.2
	Additional: Impact testing at -100°C, min 27J required
Example 5: Multiple Heat Treatment Options
	Quantity: 15 castings
	Drawing: GEAR-321
	Standard: EN 10293:2015
	Grade: G24Mn6+QT2 (Medium strength option from three available: +QT1, +QT2, +QT3)
	Ruling thickness: 80mm
	Inspection: EN 10204 Type 3.1

INSPECTION DOCUMENT TYPES (EN 10204)
Type 2.1	Declaration of compliance – Manufacturer declares product meets requirements (no test results provided)
Type 2.2	Test report – Manufacturer provides test results without independent verification
Type 3.1	Inspection certificate 3.1 – Test results verified by manufacturer’s authorized inspector (most common)
Type 3.2	Inspection certificate 3.2 – Test results verified by authorized independent inspector (most rigorous)

IMPORTANT NOTES
Ruling Thickness Definition	The dimension used to determine mechanical properties – usually the maximum wall thickness of the casting
Test Block Thickness	Mechanical properties verified on test blocks of relevant thickness (not always on the casting itself)
Maximum Wall Thickness	Values in Table MECHANICAL PROPERTIES – All Heat Treatment Conditions are maximum wall thicknesses. For thicker sections, properties must be agreed
Impact Test Temperature	When two values shown (e.g., 27J / 60J at -20°C / RT), specify which is required
Welding Restrictions	This standard applies only when welding is done by the founder. Does NOT apply to welding castings to wrought products or by non-founders
Product Analysis Deviations	Permissible deviations between cast analysis (Table 1) and product analysis per EN 1559-2:2014 Table 1

COMMON MISTAKES TO AVOID
❌ WRONG	✅ CORRECT
G26CrMo4 (no heat treatment)	G26CrMo4+QT1 OR G26CrMo4+QT2 (specify which!)
G35CrNiMo6-6 (ambiguous)	G35CrNiMo6-6+N OR G35CrNiMo6-6+QT1 (specify condition)
“EN 10293” (incomplete)	“EN 10293:2015” (include year)
No ruling thickness specified	Ruling thickness: 100mm (always specify)
No inspection document type	Inspection: EN 10204 Type 3.1 (specify type)

GRADE SELECTION TIPS
Know Your Requirements	Start with required strength, toughness, temperature service, weldability
Use Selection Guide	See Selection Guide sheet for recommendations by application and service conditions
Consider Heat Treatment	Multiple heat treatment options offer different strength/toughness balances
Check Thickness Limits	Verify your ruling thickness is within limits in Mechanical Properties table
Plan for Welding	If welding required, check Welding Guidance sheet for preheat and PWHT requirements
Cryogenic Applications	For sub-zero service, select grades with verified low-temperature impact properties
Elevated Temperature	For high-temp service, consider G15CrMoV6-9 or GX23CrMoV12-1

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