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ISO 2081 Designation Codes

Code	Designation	Description
Zn	Zinc Coating	Pure zinc coating applied for basic corrosion resistance on iron or steel.
A	Transparent Conversion Coating	Transparent chromate layer to enhance corrosion resistance.
B	Yellow Chromate Conversion	Yellow chromate layer for improved corrosion protection.
D	Blue Chromate Conversion	Blue chromate layer that provides moderate corrosion resistance and a decorative finish.
C	Clear Chromate Conversion	Colorless chromate layer for basic corrosion resistance.
SR(x)≥y	Stress Relief (SR)	Pre-electroplating heat treatment to relieve stress; x = temperature, y = hours.
ER(x)y	Embrittlement Relief (ER)	Post-electroplating heat treatment to reduce hydrogen embrittlement; x = temperature, y = hours.
T1, T2, T3	Sealant Types (T1, T2, T3)	Organic or inorganic sealants applied for additional corrosion protection.

ISO 2081 Examples

Example 1: Designation of an electrodeposited coating of 15 μm zinc (Zn15) on iron or steel (Fe) with a yellow chromate conversion coating (B) applied:

• Designation: Electrodeposited coating ISO 2081 – Fe/Zn15/B

Example 2: Designation of an electrodeposited coating of 10 μm zinc (Zn10) on iron or steel (Fe), with stress relief heat treatment prior to electroplating at 250 °C for a minimum of 3 h, designated as SR(250)≥3, and post-electroplating hydrogen embrittlement relief heat treatment at 200 °C for 10 h, designated as ER(200)10. The coating has a blue chromate finish (D) and an organic sealant (T3):

• Designation: Electrodeposited coating ISO 2081 – Fe/SR(250)≥3/Zn10/ER(200)10/D/T3

ISO 19598 Designation Codes

Code	Designation	Description
Zn	Zinc Coating	Pure zinc coating used for general corrosion resistance on steel.
ZnNi	Zinc-Nickel Alloy Coating	Zinc-nickel alloy, offering high corrosion protection, especially in harsh environments.
ZnFe	Zinc-Iron Alloy Coating	Zinc-iron alloy coating suitable for applications needing both wear and corrosion resistance.
Cn	Iridescent Passivation	Iridescent passivation layer with a rainbow-like appearance, for enhanced corrosion protection.
Bn	Yellow Passivation	Yellow passivation layer that adds significant corrosion resistance.
Fn	Black Passivation	Black passivation layer for a dark finish and improved corrosion resistance.
Dn	Blue Passivation	Blue passivation for moderate corrosion resistance and a blue-tinted appearance.
T0	No Sealant	No sealing treatment applied after passivation.
T1, T2	Sealant Types (T1, T2)	Organic or inorganic sealants for additional corrosion resistance; T1 and T2 specify types.
Tx	Coater’s Choice Sealant	Sealant application is left to the coater’s discretion based on requirements.

ISO 19598 Examples

Example 1: Designation of a zinc-nickel (ZnNi) alloy coating on a steel (Fe) component with a minimum coating thickness of 10 μm (10) and blue passivation (Dn):

• Designation: Electroplated coating ISO 19598 – Fe//ZnNi10//Dn//T0

Example 2: Designation of a zinc-iron (ZnFe) alloy coating on a steel (Fe) component with a minimum coating thickness of 8 μm (8), yellow passivation (Bn), and a sealing treatment (T1):

• Designation: Electroplated coating ISO 19598 – Fe//ZnFe8//Bn//T1

Example 3: Designation of a zinc coating on a steel (Fe) component with a minimum coating thickness of 20 μm (20) and iridescent passivation (Cn). The subsequent sealant application is left to the coater’s choice:

• Designation: Electroplated coating ISO 19598 – Fe//Zn20//Cn//Tx

ISO 2081 and ISO 19598 are both standards related to electroplating, but they serve different purposes and apply to different types of coatings and applications. Here’s a comparison of these standards:

Certainly! Here’s a comparison table for ISO 2081 vs. ISO 19598:

Criteria	ISO 2081	ISO 19598
Title	Metallic Coatings — Electroplated Coatings of Zinc on Iron or Steel	Metallic and Other Inorganic Coatings — Electroplated Coatings of Zinc Alloys
Coating Type	Pure zinc coatings	Zinc-alloy coatings (e.g., zinc-nickel, zinc-iron)
Purpose	Basic corrosion resistance and appearance enhancement for iron and steel	Higher corrosion resistance for components in harsh environments
Corrosion Resistance	Moderate	Higher, especially in salt spray and high-temperature conditions
Post-Treatment Options	Chromate conversion coatings for added corrosion protection	Passivation and additional treatments to improve durability and corrosion resistance
Typical Applications	Industrial, construction, and general hardware	Automotive, aerospace, and electronics demanding high corrosion resistance
Thickness Requirements	Defined based on environmental exposure levels	Defined based on alloy type and intended environmental performance
Adhesion Requirements	Specified	Specified, with emphasis on high adherence for zinc-alloy coatings
Appearance Options	Bright, matte, and various finishes	Various finishes, depending on alloy and post-treatment processes
Standard Applicability	Commonly used for components that require moderate protection (e.g., fasteners, tools)	Applied where superior corrosion protection is critical (e.g., automotive parts, aerospace)

ISO 2081: Metallic Coatings — Electroplated Coatings of Zinc on Iron or Steel

• Focus: This standard specifies requirements for electroplated zinc coatings on iron and steel.
• Purpose: Primarily used to enhance corrosion resistance and provide aesthetic finishes to iron and steel products. Zinc plating is commonly used in automotive, industrial, and construction applications.
• Specifications:
• It defines various coating types based on thickness, corrosion resistance, and appearance (such as bright or matte finishes).
• Includes guidelines on coating thickness, adhesion, and corrosion resistance for different environmental conditions.
• Details post-treatment options, such as chromate conversion coatings, to further enhance corrosion resistance.
• Applications: Typically applied to components where moderate corrosion protection is needed, including fasteners, automotive parts, and hardware.

ISO 19598: Metallic and Other Inorganic Coatings — Electroplated Coatings of Zinc Alloys with Nickel, Iron, or Other Elements

• Focus: Specifies requirements for electroplated coatings of zinc alloys, including zinc-nickel, zinc-iron, and other zinc-based alloys.
• Purpose: Used to provide higher corrosion resistance than pure zinc coatings, especially for components exposed to harsher environments.
• Specifications:
• Defines different coating compositions, such as zinc-nickel or zinc-iron, and their respective corrosion resistance properties.
• Addresses requirements for thickness, adhesion, and corrosion resistance similar to ISO 2081 but emphasizes zinc-alloy compositions.
• Also includes guidelines for post-treatments and passivation processes to enhance durability.
• Applications: More suited for parts that demand higher corrosion resistance, such as components in automotive, aerospace, and electronics industries. Zinc-nickel alloy coatings, in particular, are widely used for automotive applications due to their excellent corrosion resistance in salt spray and high-temperature environments.

Key Differences

• Coating Type: ISO 2081 focuses on pure zinc coatings, while ISO 19598 covers zinc-alloy coatings (e.g., zinc-nickel, zinc-iron).
• Corrosion Resistance: Zinc-alloy coatings specified in ISO 19598 typically provide better corrosion resistance, especially in harsh conditions.
• Application Suitability: ISO 2081 is generally suitable for standard industrial applications, while ISO 19598 is often chosen for high-demand applications like automotive and aerospace, where enhanced protection is essential.

In summary, ISO 2081 is best for basic corrosion protection with zinc coatings, while ISO 19598 is geared towards applications requiring more advanced corrosion protection using zinc-alloy coatings.

Property	AISI 301	AISI 302	AISI 303	AISI 304	AISI 304L	AISI 310	AISI 316	AISI 316L
Chemical Composition
Chromium (Cr)	16-18%	17-19%	17-19%	18-20%	18-20%	24-26%	16-18%	16-18%
Nickel (Ni)	6-8%	8-10%	8-10%	8-10.5%	8-12%	19-22%	10-14%	10-14%
Molybdenum (Mo)	None	None	None	None	None	None	2-3%	2-3%
Carbon (C)	≤ 0.15%	≤ 0.15%	≤ 0.15%	≤ 0.08%	≤ 0.03%	≤ 0.25%	≤ 0.08%	≤ 0.03%
Manganese (Mn)	≤ 2%	≤ 2%	≤ 2%	≤ 2%	≤ 2%	≤ 2%	≤ 2%	≤ 2%
Silicon (Si)	≤ 1%	≤ 1%	≤ 1%	≤ 1%	≤ 1%	≤ 1.5%	≤ 1%	≤ 1%
Sulfur (S)	≤ 0.03%	≤ 0.03%	0.15-0.35%	≤ 0.03%	≤ 0.03%	≤ 0.03%	≤ 0.03%	≤ 0.03%
Phosphorus (P)	≤ 0.045%	≤ 0.045%	≤ 0.20%	≤ 0.045%	≤ 0.045%	≤ 0.045%	≤ 0.045%	≤ 0.045%
Mechanical Properties
Tensile Strength	930 MPa (cold-rolled)	620 MPa	515 MPa	515 MPa	485 MPa	520 MPa	515 MPa	485 MPa
Yield Strength	370 MPa (cold-rolled)	275 MPa	205 MPa	205 MPa	170 MPa	215 MPa	205 MPa	170 MPa
Elongation	40%	40%	35%	40%	40%	40%	40%	40%
Hardness (Brinell)	270 HB (cold-rolled)	201 HB	190 HB	201 HB	183 HB	217 HB	201 HB	183 HB
Corrosion Resistance	Moderate, vulnerable to stress cracking	Good in mild atmospheres	Moderate due to sulfur	Excellent in most environments	Slightly lower than 304 (due to low C)	Excellent, especially at high temperatures	Superior due to molybdenum, good in marine environments	Superior, especially for chloride and marine applications
Weldability	Good, but prone to sensitization	Excellent	Fair, sulfur affects weldability	Excellent	Excellent (low carbon avoids carbide precipitation)	Fair, requires heat treatment	Excellent, with resistance to sensitization	Excellent (low carbon avoids sensitization)
Formability	Excellent (in cold-rolled form)	Excellent	Good, less formable than 304	Excellent	Excellent	Fair, less formable than 304	Good	Good
Heat Resistance	Moderate, up to 870°C	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate, up to 870°C	Moderate	Excellent, up to 1100°C	Good, up to 870°C	Good, up to 870°C
Magnetism	Slightly magnetic (after cold working)	Non-magnetic in annealed condition	Slightly magnetic after machining	Non-magnetic in annealed condition	Non-magnetic	Non-magnetic	Non-magnetic	Non-magnetic
Typical Applications	Springs, automotive components	Food processing equipment	Machined parts, fasteners, valves	Kitchen equipment, appliances, construction	Chemical containers, low-temp equipment	Furnace parts, heat exchangers, turbines	Marine environments, chemical processing	Marine applications, medical devices
Cost (Price)	$$	$$	$$$	$$	$$	$$$$	$$$$	$$$$

Explanation of Costs:

• $ = Lower cost (more economical)
• $$ = Medium cost
• $$$ = Higher cost
• $$$$ = Significantly higher cost

Cost Insights:

1. AISI 301 and 302: These are relatively affordable options, priced similarly to AISI 304 but with some trade-offs in terms of corrosion resistance and formability. Suitable for non-critical applications where cost savings are important.
2. AISI 303: Higher in price due to the addition of sulfur for enhanced machinability, making it more expensive than AISI 304 but ideal for high-volume machining jobs.
3. AISI 304 and 304L: These are the most commonly used stainless steels, making them mid-priced. AISI 304L offers similar performance with better weldability, so their prices are close.
4. AISI 310: One of the most expensive stainless steel grades due to its high chromium and nickel content, providing superior heat and oxidation resistance. It’s often used in high-temperature applications, which justify its higher cost.
5. AISI 316 and 316L: These grades are priced higher than AISI 304 due to their molybdenum content, which enhances corrosion resistance, especially in marine and chloride environments. AISI 316L, with lower carbon content, is slightly more expensive than 316, particularly in applications requiring enhanced weldability and resistance to sensitization.

Conclusion:

• 301, 302, and 304(L) are the more economical choices for general-purpose applications.
• 303 is more expensive due to machinability enhancements.
• 310 and 316(L) are higher-priced options due to their specialized corrosion and heat-resistant properties, making them suitable for harsh environments.

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Detailed Investment Casting vs. Lost Foam Casting Comparison Table

Criteria	Investment Casting	Lost Foam Casting
Process Overview	Creates a wax pattern, coats it in ceramic, melts out the wax, and pours molten metal into the cavity.	Uses a foam pattern embedded in sand. When metal is poured, the foam vaporizes, leaving the casting.
Applicable Standards	ASTM A356, ASTM E931, ISO 8062-3, and DIN EN 12890 for process quality and tolerances.	ASTM A995, ISO 8502, ISO 8062-3, and VDG P690 for process quality, tolerances, and materials.
Tolerances	±0.1 mm to ±0.5 mm depending on the part size and complexity. Typical tolerance grades: CT4 to CT6 (ISO 8062-3).	±0.3 mm to ±1.0 mm based on part dimensions. Tolerance grades: CT8 to CT12 (ISO 8062-3).
Surface Finish	1.6-3.2 µm Ra (fine surface finish with minimal post-processing).	6.3-12.5 µm Ra (requires secondary operations for fine finish).
Material Grades	– Ferrous: Stainless steel (e.g., 304, 316), carbon steel (e.g., AISI 1018, AISI 1045). – Non-Ferrous: Aluminum alloys (e.g., A356), brass, bronze.	– Ferrous: Gray iron (EN-GJL-250), ductile iron (EN-GJS-400-15, EN-GJS-500-7). – Non-Ferrous: Aluminum alloys (e.g., AlSi12), magnesium alloys.
Size & Dimension Limits	Small to medium-sized parts with dimensions typically ranging from a few millimeters to 1 meter. Maximum weight: up to 500 kg.	Suitable for medium to large castings. Maximum part size can reach 2 meters or more. Maximum weight: up to 5000 kg.
Wall Thickness	Capable of producing parts with wall thickness as low as 0.5 mm.	Minimum wall thickness: 2-3 mm due to process constraints.
Dimensional Accuracy	High accuracy, typically within ±0.1% of part dimensions.	Moderate accuracy, typically within ±0.3% of part dimensions.
Mechanical Properties	– High tensile strength and good impact resistance, depending on alloy choice. – Can produce parts with complex stress patterns due to uniform grain structure.	– Suitable for parts with lower tensile strength and ductility. – Mechanical properties are more dependent on mold conditions and sand compaction.
Complexity & Geometry	Capable of producing highly complex geometries with thin walls, undercuts, and intricate details.	Good for moderate complexity; limited capability for intricate designs due to mold constraints.
Tooling Costs	High initial tooling cost for wax and ceramic molds; more economical for high-volume production.	Lower initial tooling cost for foam patterns and sand molds; more suitable for small to medium production volumes.
Production Volume Suitability	Ideal for medium to high-volume production runs. Economical for large batches.	Suitable for small to medium production runs. Preferred for prototype and medium series production.
Lead Time	Longer lead time due to mold preparation and multi-step process. Typically 4-8 weeks depending on part complexity.	Shorter lead time due to simplified tooling and fewer steps. Typically 2-4 weeks.
Typical Applications	Aerospace turbine blades, medical implants, automotive turbocharger wheels, and complex machinery components.	Automotive engine blocks, pump housings, gear cases, and large, less complex structural parts.
Post-Processing Requirements	Minimal post-processing required. Parts are usually ready for use or only require minor machining.	Requires secondary operations like grinding, machining, and heat treatment for surface finish and dimensional accuracy.
Environmental Considerations	Ceramic molds and wax patterns have higher waste and energy consumption, but the process offers higher precision.	Sand molds are recyclable, and the process generates less waste, making it more environmentally friendly.
Overall Cost	Higher overall cost due to complex molds and tooling. Cost-effective for high precision and complex parts.	Lower overall cost due to simplified patterns and mold production. More economical for larger parts and low to medium complexity.

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